Marketing Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Report - Case Study Example The current revolution of information and communication technologies is changing our business environment drastically: new technologies influence the way we organize our work and the environment in which we compete, introducing new rules and new relative powers among incumbents, newcomers and even entire markets. This complex, evolving environments are referred to as new technology playgrounds This paper focuses on the case of Parker Pen Company. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the case and the nature of the marketing and communication techniques used by the company, the second part of the paper focuses on some of the miscalculations the company did, that cost them a fortune. The last part of the paper provides the conclusion and recommendation. The case Parker Pen Company focuses on a key player in the writing industry. It main activities include the manufacturing of writing instruments and are one of the world's best known companies in the domain. As a global company, its products are sold in 154 countries and the company considered itself number one in 'quality writing instruments'. ... The last part of the paper provides the conclusion and recommendation. 1.1Overview of the Parker Pen Company Case The case Parker Pen Company focuses on a key player in the writing industry. It main activities include the manufacturing of writing instruments and are one of the world's best known companies in the domain. As a global company, its products are sold in 154 countries and the company considered itself number one in 'quality writing instruments'. Things didn't work out and remain the way the company had thought and plan as its global marketing and communicating strategies designed and planed at the headquarters cost the company a fortune. The company failed and made huge marketing and product positioning mistakes, they neglected local values and cultures and in all management failed to recognize that, as other one size fit all brands like coca cola, Parker Pen Company with its quality writing instruments cannot be matched and placed in the same domain. Huge other errors and calculations were made and to make matter worst, practitioners and pioneer of the Parker Pen global marketing concepts were fired. A company that was once used as benchmarking models a super hero, and a world class in quality writing instrument became a laughing stock. In global marketing, if cultural and competitive differences are less important than their similarities, a single advertising approach can exploit these similarities to stimulate sales everywhere, and at far lower cost than if campaigns were developed for each. However, the situation of Parker Pen proofs the contrary. The company's marketing department would have acted with respect to different market, for the issue of standardization, one sound, one size as in the situation of coca cola

Risk Management Paper Essay Example for Free

Risk Management Paper Essay 1. Individual Risks: Stress, No Family Time, Loss of Control. 2. Business Risks: Instability, Ineffective Management, Financial Loss. 3. Focused Risks: Unknown Markets, Aggressive Competitors, Unfamiliar Terrain. Business development brings weights to a framework that might not have had room schedule-wise/experience to get intended up for expanded generation or administrations. New timings of payables/receivables may make monetary strain. Clients may feel underserved. Workers may be uneasy about all the progressions. Developing is the following enormous test for an entrepreneur its energizing and new. That part is well known. Pushing your current item into new markets, or new items into existing markets will be new and may have unanticipated results. Additionally as you push up against greater contenders, dont be amazed in the event that they battle back! Ponder outsourcing, acquiring makeshift official insightful in development, preparing your staff in new innovation/approach or beginning another organization with new value, as opposed to existing cash flow. Quantitative Risk Analysis is the methodology for numerically breaking down the impact on general venture objectivities of distinguished dangers (comp. Pmbok3, p. 237). On the base of the after-effects of the Qualitative Risk Analysis the Quantitative Risk Analysis is performed on dangers that have been prioritized and analysis’s the impacts of those dangers occasions and assigns a numerical rating to those dangers. As opposed to evaluating the single effects by utilizing a crude typology as a part of the procedure of Quantitative Risk Analysis the effects to the entire undertaking will be made processable and will be processed for creating a more expounded aggregate positioning. Information social event and representation methods like Talking with and registering the likelihood appropriations on the base of master judgment Quantitative risk analysis and displaying systems like:- Affectability investigation which comes about for instance may be spoken to by the tornado graph Expected monetary esteem dissection (EVM) which is a factual idea that ascertains the normal result when the future incorporates situations that could possibly happen. Opportunities are certain qualities,  dangers as negative. Choice tree dissection is typically organized utilizing a choice tree graph that portrays a situation under contemplations, and the ramifications of every accessible decisions and conceivable situations Risk management plan To manage risk, follow the following steps:- Make Risk Management Part of Your Project Recognize Risks Early in Your Project Convey About Risks Consider Both Threats and Opportunities Clear up Ownership Issues Prioritize Risks Break down Risks Register Project Risks Risk response plan Actualizing a danger reaction is the movement that really increases the value of your task. You keep a risk happening or minimize negative impacts. Execution is key here. Alternate standards have helped you to guide, prioritize and comprehend dangers. This will help you to make a sound danger reaction arrange that concentrates on the enormous wins. On the off chance that you manage dangers you fundamentally have three alternatives, hazard shirking, danger minimisation and danger acknowledgement. Maintaining a strategic distance from dangers implies you compose your undertaking in such a path, to the point that you dont experience a danger any longer. This could mean changing supplier or receiving an alternate engineering or, in the event that you manage a deadly hazard, ending a task. Using more cash on a bound undertaking is a terrible speculation. The greatest classification of responses is the ones to minimize dangers. You can attempt to keep a danger happening by affecting the reasons or diminishing the negative impacts that could come about. In the event that you have done tenet 7 appropriately (chance investigation) you will have a lot of chances to impact it. A last reaction is to acknowledge a danger. This is a decent decision if the consequences for the undertaking are negligible or the conceivable outcomes to impact it end up being extremely troublesome, time  intensive or generally costly. Simply verify that it is a cognizant decision to acknowledge a certain danger. Reactions for danger opportunities are the converse of the ones for dangers. They will concentrate on looking for dangers, boosting them or disregarding them (if opportunities turn out to be excessively little). Scheduling The planning technique comprised of four (4) stages. The initial three (3) stages are performed under the supervision of the undertaking group and the fourth stage is performed by the site designer to detail the work prerequisites of exercises. The principal stage begins by welcoming topic masters speaking to distinctive exchanges, for example, structural lives up to expectations, electrical, mechanical, and so on. The masters precisely surveyed the errands identified with their zone of mastery and separate them into exercises and sub exercises that might be effectively overseen. They additionally recognize the required assets, and focus the obliged length of time for every movement focused around standard benefit record, and outline the conditions of those exercises. When the work of the Smes is finished, they meet with the scheduler and assessing and arranging chiefs to draw up the starting calendar, expecting boundless assets. At the second stage, the undertaking group surveys the draft plan and chooses either to acknowledge it, or if the calendar is not agreeable, they may add more assets to decrease the length of time of the task. The third stage will begin if the group is still not fulfilled by the result of the second stage. This may include changing the development routines and/or slamming some discriminating exercises that oblige very talented/exceedingly paid work. Once the last timetable is created, it is given to the site specialist or foreman who will set up the fourth stage plan that exhibits a fleeting itemized action plan that is utilized by laborers to perform their allocated errands. To handle those four stages, they utilizes PRIMAVERA or MS Projects programming, the last programming is utilized when there is a need to interface with different projects. These projects are composed after the principals of the Critical Path Method (CPM). This method is a powerful approach that helps utilize it s assets proficiently and utilize its labour in the best way. Controlling It takes after a decently sorted out framework for controlling their ventures with respect to the two paramount variables, to be specific, time and expense. The control procedure was separated into two sub processes: 1) the observing methodology and 2) the redesigning procedure. Both these methods are legislated by various parameters, as depicted beneath. Checking The primary methodology of controlling undertaking development is checking. This procedure is directed to distinguish any deviations from the first arrange. The site specialist gives a day by day status write about site exercises. This report screens the acquisition prepare alongside the particular development movement. The obtainment observing procedure includes production of material orders, submitting of procurement requests, and conveyance of materials to the worksite. This methodology was emulated as an intends to encourage fractional advancement instalment all through the development process. Amid the real development transform, the Earned Value Analysis methodology is executed with a specific end goal to assess the general status of the venture as far as time and plan. Risk Reassessment The statement reassessment is something that you wouldve heard regularly in genuine living. The significance of Risk Reassessment is in the same lines as the exacting importance/reason for the statement and concentrates on Risks particularly. There are three parts of Risk Reassessment that you must recollect for the RMP Exam. They are: 1. Recognizing New Risks 2. Shutting Risks that are no more relevant 3. Keeping tab on existing dangers to evaluate if any further activity is needed Risk Audits Risk Audits is an alternate apparatus and strategy that we use amid the screen and control dangers process. It is additionally piece of the general procedure change of the undertaking. Risk Audits are concerned with: †¢ Measuring the adequacy of the danger reactions †¢ Measuring the adequacy of the danger administration forms in the task When we perform Risk Audits, we analyze the danger reactions (that were actualized) to figure out whether they were powerful in taking care of the dangers and their underlying drivers. The yield of this review is constantly recorded. Thus, we can additionally review and gage the viability of the danger administration forms in the task all in all as well. The thought behind these sorts of exercises is to be more proactive than be touchy. We are always attempting to refine and enhance our procedures and effectiveness and this danger review can enormously help the danger administration polishes in the venture as well as the entire association too (If we legitimately catch the consequences of our reviews and make lessons learned documents). References:- NASA (2001). NASA NPR 9501.2D. May 23, 2001. Electronic Industries Alliance Standard Systems Engineering Capability Model EIA-731.1 Hagan, Gregory T., Effective Work Breakdown Structures, pp7-8 Barkley, B. T. (2006). Integrated Project Management (1st Ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.

Nutrition Behaviour in Attraction to Wellness Programme

Nutrition Behaviour in Attraction to Wellness Programme The Role of Nutrition Behaviours in Employee Attraction to a Workplace Wellness Program Nutrition, Overweight Obesity Between 1980 and 2014, obesity has more than doubled, on a global scale. In 2014 alone, over 1.9 billion adults were overweight, and of those, an alarming 600 million were obese (39% overweight, of those, 13% obese; WHO, 2015). Using overweight and obesity incidence from a Australian longitudinal study from 2000 to 2005, Walls and colleagues (2011) estimated future prevalence of weight gain to result in less than a third of the Australian adult population categorised as healthy weight, with a 65 percent increase in obesity prevalence by the year 2025. Similarly, an American study predicted obesity prevalence and associated costs, based on national survey data (collected from 1970s to 2004). It was estimated that by the year 2030, 86.3 percent of American adults would be classified as overweight or obese, and 51.1 percent would be obese (Wang et al, 2008). Health care costs associated with overweight and obesity were predicted to double every decade by the year 2030, and account for 16 to 18 percent of total health care related costs in the U.S (Wang et al, 2008). Poor nutrition and unhealthy eating behaviours are key contributors to overweight and obesity, with the increase in consumption of energy-dense, high fat content foods observed worldwide. Unhealthy nutrition coupled with sedentary lifestyle, and the resulting imbalance of calories consumed versus calories expended, have been considered the primary driving force behind the ever increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity (WHO, 2015). Serious health implications are associated with overweight and obesity. Elevations in Body Mass Index (BMI) equal to or above 25 is considered a major risk factor for non-communicable (chronic) diseases including cardiovascular disease (mostly heart disease and stroke), diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders (particularly osteoarthritis), and some cancers (including endometrial, breast and colon cancer) (WHO, 2015). Furthermore, increases in BMI have been found to be proportionally related to increases in the risk of non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2015). Various health and wellness initiatives have been developed and administered, in response to the obesity epidemic. Workplaces, easy accessible environment for WHPP The workplace presents a practical setting for the delivery of health promotion strategies, by providing pre-existing structure, resources, potential social and organisational support, and access to a large percentage of the adult population (Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008). Workplace based health promotion programs (WHPPs) have been associated with both health and cost related benefits, including the health and wellbeing of employees, reduced medical costs, reduced absenteeism related costs, and increased productivity, mutually benefiting both the individual employee/s and larger organisation (Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008). Not surprisingly, the workplace is considered by the World Health Organisation as a priority setting for public health promotion (WHO, 2009). Effectiveness of WHPP in improving nutrition, eating behaviours and cost benefits to organisations Improving nutrition: Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of WHPPs in producing positive health behaviour changes in employees, particularly those targeting nutrition and physical activity, across a diverse range of workplaces, and internationally (e.g., Anderson et al, 2009; Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008; Mhurchu, Aston Jebb, 2010). A review by Mhurchu, Aston Jebb (2010) assessing 16 studies published between 1995 and 2009, demonstrated the short term benefits of WHPPs targeting employee diets. Findings indicated workplace based health promotion programs were associated with moderate improvements in employee nutrition / dietary intake including fruit, vegetable, and total fat consumption. Of the studies included in the review, eight included employee education, and the remaining targeted changes in the workplace alone or in conjunction with an education component. Reviews by Anderson and colleagues (2009), and Maes and colleagues (2011) demonstrated longer term benefits of WHPP, targeting employee weight related outcomes including body mass, BMI and body fat percentage. Both reviews demonstrated limited to moderate positive effects in employee weight, BMI and body fat percentage. Anderson and colleagues (2009) assessed studies published between 1966 and 2005, with 50 percent of included studies conducted in the U.S, the remaining were conducted in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, India, and Iceland. Only one randomised control trial (RCT) focused on nutrition, reporting weight loss of -1.17 pounds (0.53 kgs; 95% CI= -8.38 [3.80kg], +4.95 [2.25kg]), and five multi-component RCTs targeting both nutrition and physical activity indicated a pooled effect of -3.18 pounds (1.44 kgs; 95% CI= -5.88 [2.67kg], -0.50 [0.23kg]). Overall, the findings indicated moderate improvements in employee body mass between 6 and 12 months post intervention, with the authors concluding that WHPPs targeting nutrition, physical activity, or both, produce modest reductions in weight. The review by Maes and colleagues (2011) assessed the effectiveness of 13 European based studies published between 1990 and 2010, targeting nutrition / health eating, alone, or in combination with physical activity. Effectiveness of WHPPs was assessed by nutrition, physical activity, body composition and behavioural determinants.. Findings indicated a limited to moderate positive effect of WHPPs on employee nutrition and physical activity. Of all the studies reviewed, few looked at the effectiveness of modifying the workplace environment (Anderson et al, 2009; Mhurchu et al, 2010). However, recent research has demonstrated the benefits of an environment modification intervention, finding increases in access and exposure to nutrition information resulted in increased employee consumption of fruits and vegetables (Kushida Murayama, 2014). Improving cost benefit: In addition to improved health outcomes, WHPPs have also been associated with economic benefits including increased productivity, reduced absenteeism, and reduced health care costs for both the organisation and individual employee (Anderson et al, 2009; Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008). Baiker, Cutler and Song (2010) conducted a meta-analysis, demonstrating the capacity of WHPPs to reduce absenteeism and health care related costs, with the majority of interventions targeting smoking, obesity, and multiple risk factors such as nutrition, alcohol consumption, blood pressure. Studies were assessed based on positive return on employer investment in WHPPs, with 36 studies assessing outcomes of absenteeism, health care costs, or both. Overall, findings indicated absenteeism and health care costs were reduced by $2.73 and $3.27 respectively, for every dollar invested in a WHPP. Studies were grouped based on design, and included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), matched comparisons, non-randomised trials (NRTs), non-matched designs and studies reporting only post intervention results. Costs were standardised to the 2009 dollar value. In terms of absenteeism, all studies save one, reduced the number of absentee days and only two studies demonstrated no associated cost ben efit. Cost benefits were higher when absenteeism and health care outcomes were combined. The authors noted that participation was primarily voluntary, thus selection bias may be a confounding factor and should be considered when interpreting results. Potential for publication bias was also acknowledged, due to the higher likelihood of publishing significant findings regarding positive return on employer investment, which may reduce generalisability of results. Generalisability may also be limited to larger organisations, as of the studies included, over 90 percent had a sample size of more than 1000 employees, and 25 percent included samples of over 10,000. Furthermore, conclusions are limited due to the relatively short evaluation periods (studies averaged three year follow up), when considering the cost of implementing WHPPs are higher initially, with cost benefits accruing over time, indicating the need for further investigation into the long term economic savings of WHPPs. A systematic review by van Dongen and colleagues (2011) examined the cost benefits of WHPPs targeting employee nutrition, and or physical activity. A total of 18 studies comprising four randomised, controlled trials, 13 non-randomised studies, and one modelling study were included. Two studies assessed ROI of WHPP targeting physical activity, and 16 multi component WHPP targeting nutrition, physical activity, and other unhealthy lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, and alcohol consumption. Intervention duration ranged from six months to five years (Median 23.7 months; Mean: 21.1 months). WHPPs were assessed using return on investment analyses, comparing program costs after initial implementation to economic savings over time. Outcome measures of benefits associated with WHPP were defined as medical and productivity costs. The findings produced mixed results, with non-randomised studies demonstrating WHPPs linked to reduced absenteeism and medical costs, and RCTs failing to produce any evidence of financial return. Results from the NRTs must be interpreted with caution, due to possible confounding factors previously identified, such as selection bias. Although RCTs are considered ‘gold standard’, interpretation of comparisons between NRTs and RCTs are limited by the fact that NRTs were generally assessed over a longer time period than RCTs, and the higher costs associated at the initial stages of program implementation compared to higher benefits, lower costs over time may confound results. Furthermore, all NRTs except one were conducted in U.S, whereas all RCTs except one were conducted in Europe, and it was noted by authors that in the U.S health care costs per capita are double the costs of health care in Europe. Jensen (2011) conducted a systematic review, analysing the effects of workplace nutrition programs on productivity and absenteeism and presenteeism, 30 studies were included, with 13 assessing productivity and economic outcomes, and the remaining studies assessing health related outcomes as a secondary measure of expected financial savings. The studies addressing economic effects were categorised via study design, and included RCTs, quasi-experimental, and observational cross-sectional studies. All intervention demonstrated reductions in employee absenteeism, and increased productivity. Costs effectiveness of WHPP have also been investigated in smaller businesses and organisations, for example, Allen and colleagues (2012) demonstrated the cost effectiveness of a WHPP within an organisation of 172 employees. Findings demonstrated a $10.17 per percentage –point reduction in LDL cholesterol, $454.23 per point reduction in risk of coronary heart disease. Although WHPP have been demonstrated to provide benefits, both health and cost related, they are not without barriers and challenges, and face a number of limitations reducing program effectiveness. Low participation levels The most notable of limitations reducing effectiveness of health promotion programs delivered within a workplace based setting, is low level employee participation (Robroek et al, 2009). Roebroek and colleagues (2009) conducted a review of 23 studies, published between 1988 and 2007, to determine levels of employee participation in WHPP. Participation levels ranged from 10 to 64 percent, with a median of 33 percent (95% CI 25-42%), emphasising the need for further research investigating determinants of employee participation. The predictive capacity of intention to participate, as a determinant of actual participation has been demonstrated. A meta-analysis by Webb and Sheeran (2006) included 47 studies, experimental in design, testing intention-behaviour phenomenon, found medium to large changes in intention resulted in small to medium changes in behaviour. Similarly, a study by Rongen and colleagues (2014) demonstrated the predictive capacity of intention to participate to actual participation at the 6 month follow up, with 21 percent of participants reporting positive intention to participate were found to be more likely to partake in WHPP when offered. The presented evidence supports intention to participate as a predictive, albeit weak determinant of actual participation, and the need for further research into other determinant factors contributing to higher participation intention is evident. Characteristics / determinants of participation / intention to participate in WHPP (GAP IN LITERATURE – health determinants not thoroughly examined) A study by Middlestadt and colleagues (2011) identified factors associated with intention to participate, in 279 rural service and blue collar employees. Findings from multivariate analyses of variables including demographic, health and occupation, indicated higher intention among younger individuals, employees who had been physically active in the past 30 days, and those who reported higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. Toker, Heaney Ein-Gar (2014) highlighted the need for research into barriers to participation, and characteristics of both participants and particularly non participants. Roebroek, et al (2009) identified a lack of research into determinants of participation, in addition to program user and non-user characteristics, with more than 80% of included studies failing to provide data on determinants of individuals opting not to participate. Systematic review by Robroek and colleagues (2009) evaluated underlying individual, health- and work-related determinants of participation in WHPPS, analysing program characteristics that influence participation levels. Of the studies included in the review by Robroek and colleagues (2009), a number of health-related determinants were addressed; however only one study looked at current nutrition behaviours as a determinant of participation in a WHPP. From the current evidence, research into the capacity of health-related factors to influence employee intention to participate, is clearly lacking. The current study aims to fill this gap, by providing insight into the role of nutrition behaviours in in employee attraction to, interest in, and intention to participate in a nutrition workplace health promotion program. Hypotheses. Employees with healthier nutrition behaviours indicated more interest in improvement, assistance and intention to participate in workplace nutrition program than those employees with less healthy / unhealthy nutrition behaviours Method This study was conducted as part of a larger study by The Wesley Research Institute and received ethical clearance from the UnitingCare Health Human Research Ethics Committee (#2013.03.74).Study Design. The study employed a cross-sectional design, the intervention consisted of a self-report survey. The study / data collection / intervention was conducted between ____ and ____. EXAMPLE = This study was a nonrandomized controlled trial consisting of an intervention and a minimal intervention comparison group. The study was performed for 24 weeks between October, 2009 and March, 2010. This study was part of a project conducted by the Niigata city government in Japan. Participants and Recruitment Employees from a mining company and rail freight company, from several work sites located across rural and remote Queensland, Australia, were invited to participate in a survey. Employees were recruited via convenience sampling. Include power analysis? Did we estimate the number of participants we required? Work sites were selected based on ____? Employee accessibility? Rural remote sites, due to minimal access to health services? A total of ___ employees participated / completed the health risk assessment and survey / study. Of those, ___% were male, ___% female, ranging in age from ___ to ___ (Mean:___ years). Mining sites included _______ (N = ). Employees were provided with a detailed information sheet, explaining / outlining the study, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation / commencement of risk assessment / survey. Procedure Surveys were, both in hard copy and electronically . Self-report data including demographic, health / nutrition behaviours, and desire for improvement, desire for assistance and intention to participate in a work-based health promotion program, were collected. Health behaviour and nutrition items, included salt, milk (fat), and fast food consumption, and meeting national guidelines for daily fruit and vegetable intake ( National Health Survey, ABS 2011-2012). Demographics were measured / obtained using/ with use of survey items from the National Health Survey (ABS, 2011-2012). Nutrition items measuring fat content of milk, salt intake, frequency of takeaway consumption, vegetable servings and fruit servings per day were based on items included / in National Health Survey (ABS 2011-2012) and Queensland Health survey (Overweight and Obesity, 2011). Results Discussion Implications. those individuals least healthy nutrition/ health behaviours, less likely to participate in WHPP, uptake of program – may require health risk assessment and health education prior to WHPP implementation, to raise awareness and increase program reach / uptake for those more at risk of health problems / illness related to / due to poor nutrition and eating behaviours.

tragoed Comparing Tragedy in Hamlet and Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) :: comparison compare contrast essays

Tragedy in Hamlet and Oedipus the King Tragedy comes in many forms, for example earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes are all types of tragedies. On the other hand, when talking about tragedy in literature, it has a whole different meaning. Tragedy in literature is on a smaller scale than things like earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes. In literature tragedy is usually about one person and the horrible things that happen to them during their life in a story or play. Oedipus is the main character in the play Oedipus the King. Oedipus is thought of as a tragic figure because he was doomed from birth. Tiresias, an old blind prophet, told Oedipus' parents about Oedipus' fate. He told them that Oedipus would kill his father and sleep with his mother. So, his parents decided to have him killed, only it did not happen that way. He was passed off by two shepherds and finally to the King and Queen of Corinth, Polybus and Merope to raise him as their own. Oedipus finds his way back to Thebes and on the way kills his father, but Oedipus did not know that one of the men he killed was his real father. This is the beginning of the prophecy coming true. In short Oedipus obtains the throne, Marries his mother and has kids with her. Oedipus' fate has come together without him even realizing what is going on. Eventually he is told what has happened and asks to be banished by his uncle/brother-in-law Creon. The tragedy in Oedipus' life began with his birth and the realization by his parents that his whole life was doomed. However on the other hand, Hamlet did not know that his life would be a tragic one. Hamlets' fate played out through his whole life. No one knew that hamlet's life would end up the way that it did. Hamlets' life first changed when his Uncle Claudius killed Hamlet's father, the King and Claudius' brother. Claudius just wanted to get to the Queen Gertrude. So he committed the worst sin and killed the King. Claudius weaseled his way into Hamlet Jr.' spot on the throne as King. There are many reasons why both of these characters are classified as tragic figures. First off Oedipus' fate was determined from birth, and no one knew Hamlet's fate. Oedipus's parents sent him off to be killed, and Hamlet's father was killed by his brother Claudius.

Han and Roman Attitudes Toward Technology Essay

Technology is an important aspect in all civilizations, and depending on the point of view looked at the opinions vary greatly. Especially when comparing opinions of lower class and upper class people, or gender. During the early first centuries of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire there were a lot of mixed feelings toward technology. Depending on whose opinion you heard the answer would vary between negative and positive outlooks. Most opinions seemed to have been based off of the following categories, practicality, citizen’s use, and beauty. Opinions varied depending on the major concern of the point of view and the class they belonged to. When opinions were weighed on practicality their major concern was the efficiency of the technology and if it was easy to use. One Han government official wrote to local officials in the early second century (B. C. E) concerning flood prevention (doc. 1). His opinion was well educated because being of an upper class and being a government official meant he was well educated, and also his opinion was of a situation he witnessed and he had proof to support his thoughts. His opinion was unbiased and trustworthy because his concerns were not for himself but for all the people of the civilization. This is proven when he states more organization is needed in order to stay on top of issues that affect everyone of the dynasty. He felt technology was advanced enough to prevent flooding more efficiently but there needed to be a greater effort into establishing a greater number of water conservation offices in each district. Overall he did not believe that technology was lacking but the organization of the use of technology was. Huan Tan, an upper-class philosopher in about 20 C.  E also had an opinion weighing on practicality (doc. 3). Being a philosopher you can assume he was well educated and therefore his opinion is educated. Huan’s point of view was based on practicality because he had a positive opinion on technology due to the efficiency and usefulness of tools and the fast progression of it. He proves the technology is efficient by stating facts like that the pestle and the mortar were modified and were made capable of allowing the weight of the whole body to be used. Since Huan included these sorts of facts it shows he’s well educated in the area of technology. Overall Huan Tan had a very positive outlook on technology, feeling that it evolved at a steady pace. The source History of the Early Han Dynasty was a government sponsored source that comes from the period of about 200 C. E. (doc. 4). This opinion is clearly biased and untrustworthy because its government sponsored and therefore was written to support the government and make it look successful. This is proven when the governor of Nanyang, Tu Shui is made to look good by the statement that he improved technology because he loved his people so much he wanted to make life easy as possible for them. Although this point of view is untrustworthy it is still weighed on practicality due to the supposed concern of the efficiency and having technology be beneficial without having to do much work. The last opinion formed by practicality was one of a Seneca upper –classman philosopher and adviser to Emperor Nero (doc. 7). This point of view again is someone of a higher class with more money and therefore does not rely on technology as much as someone of a lower class. His opinion of technology was negative; he believed tools were invented by unintelligent men. His opinion was based off of practicality and was proven by his statement that recent inventions were not only inefficient but also were useless. He felt inventors no longer, no matter how intelligent, did not think outside the box and only tackled mild issues that were not of large concern. Overall he felt greater issues needed to be taken on by people of both intelligence and creativity. Other opinions seemed to have most concern with citizen’s use. When weighing on this, the point of view was most affected by the knowledge of who used the technology or the convenience of the access to the technology. A government official by the name if Huan Guan has a negative outlook on technology based off of citizen’s use (doc. 2). This perspective is from an educated upper class man who therefore does not do much manual labor. Foundry work and salt boiling were at one time allowed to be done by workers as long as they followed two conditions, they has to report they were doing so and they had to pay a tax. During the earlier time the tools that were used to do these jobs were made by families and were efficient and well-made. Later on the state forced citizens to only use the iron tools manufactured by them, which were nonfunctional. This is known as convict labor, and in doing so they also monopolized the salt and iron trades. This issue angered Huan Guan because this caused the salt and iron prices to rise and made it so lower class citizens could not afford to buy either. Huan felt technology was being weakened by the government and that making it more difficult for families to continue their businesses was not right. Another opinion based off of citizen’s use was one of a Cicero upper-class Roman political leader of the first century (B. C. E. ). This opinion comes from an upper class man who does not do any handy-work and therefore cannot state and accurate opinion on technology. He believed there was a fine line between the difference of a â€Å"gentleman† and a man. He felt certain jobs were degrading to men, such as manual labor or â€Å"handy work†. He states, â€Å"Vulgar and unbecoming to a gentleman are all the jobs hired workers take on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (doc. 5). He feels the work they do is paid by the labor they do and not the skill of their work. In conclusion he doesn’t see any importance in the area of technology, also he doesn’t necessarily have a negative nor positive opinion he just doesn’t value it, h cares more about his status. The last source weighed on citizen’s use is one from Frontinus, a Roman general, governor of Britain and water commissioner for the city of Rome (doc. 8). His opinion is biased because he is governor of Britain and therefore feels his civilization is the most advanced and has the greatest technology because he is in charge of it. This is shown when he says that Roman technology exceeds any other including both the Egyptian’s and the Greeks. Frontinus feels that the works of those two civilizations are useless, he states, â€Å"Compare such numerous and indispensible structures carrying so much water with the idle pyramids, or the useless but famous works of the Greeks. † He feels only Roman technology has both the beauty aspect while still being efficient. He feels his technology is so successful because the aqueducts were so successful they made it possible for people of any class to have an abundance of water, which proves his opinion was based on citizen’s use. Lastly, some opinions were made by the beauty of technology. Very simply this is when the point of view is confirmed by the appearance rather than the efficiency or usefulness of the technology. Plutarch, a Greek-born Roman citizen and high official of the second century describes Gaius Gracchus a Roman political leader of the first century’s opinion on technology (doc. 6). This source is unreliable because it is not a primary source and therefore is not as reliable because the opinion could have been slightly altered by misinterpretation or on purpose. The major concern according to this source, of Gaius Gracchus was the appearance of everything and not the usefulness of it; he wanted everything to be pleasing to the eye. All roads were straight; both sides of bridges had to be â€Å"equal and parallel height with the result that the road for its entire course had a level and beautiful appearance. † (doc. 6). Overall the appearance was the greatest factor when it came to Gaius Gracchus. Again just as all the other documents the point of view belonged to an upper-class male, we have no opinions from a woman or someone of a lower class. Out of all the documents the point of view missing in order to truly decipher the overall attitudes towards Han and Roman technology is the opinion of a lower class person such as a peasant. All the documents come from the perspective of an upper-class male. Therefore the ultimate attitude toward the technology of Han and Rome cannot be determined. Each documents perspective varied depending on how they made their opinion, whether it was weighted on practicality, citizen’s use, or beauty.

Makeup Essay

How to put on makeup Many women in the world use make-up for many different reasons. Here is a fast method for women and girls who have never put on makeup. If you are interested in a more casual look this would be the perfect method to use. The method consists of putting on eyeliner, mascara, eyebrow pencil, eyeshadow, bronzer, lip stick, lip gloss and body sparkles. First off, put liquid eyeliner directly on top of eyelashes right where the eyelid and eyelash meet. Then after you do that, put a 1/2-inch line of liquid eyeliner on outer sides of eyelids to make your eyes look fuller and wider.After that make sure the lines are equal. Next apply mascara to upper and lower eyelashes, but make sure you don't put too much cause your eyelashes might end up clumpy. Also make sure you applied enough eyeliner and mascara so your eyes look wide and bold. Then, apply a matching eyebrow pencil to eyebrow to make them look sharper and more elegant. After you complete that step, then take a dark brown eyeshadow and place it right above the eyeliner with an eyeshadow brush. Make sure you do not cover up the eyeliner with the eyeshadow.After that, take the eyeshadow brush and add a light pink eyeshadow directly beneath your eyebrow. Once you have done that take a small blending brush and blend both of the eyeshadow together. It should make a pinkish brownish color once completely blended. Make sure your eyebrows and eyeshadow look even and match the color scheme. Lastly, get a bronzer that matches your skin tone and lightly brush it over your cheekbones with a medium sized buffer brush so your cheeks look shinier than the rest of your face. Next apply a reddish pinkish lipstick to your lips.Making them bright and elegant. Then add a sparkly pink or red lip gloss to make the final touches on your makeup. Make sure that you do not have too much bronzer on. Finally, dab an even amount of body glitter all over your body. In conclusion, many women and girls use makeup for many di fferent reasons. The method above is great for a casual look. This method is also great for women and girls who have never put on makeup. list of the things you will need to put on your make up consists of, eyeliner, mascara,eyebrow pencil, eyeshadow, bronzer, lip stick, lip gloss and body sparkles.

Free Essays on Cold Mountain

Page 1 A Journey Transforms Charles Frazier’s story, Cold Mountain, is based in the Civil War Era. Frazier uses the main characters, Ada and Inman to represent the hardships of the Civil War. Inman and Ada both overcome obstacles such as, a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for a each other. Inman is a confederate soldier who decided to desert the war feeling that he has no place in the war. His journey will lead him to his one true love Ada Monroe, the daughter of a preacher who will have to overcome hardships of her own. Ada will face similar hardships of Inman such as hunger, fear, and need for each other. This story uses the triumph of love to overcome a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for each other. Inman finds himself on a journey â€Å"filled with extreme dangers and hardship, brutal encounters, and colorful characters† (Clerc 2). Inman’s injury weakens him physically but strengthens his animosity towards the flat lands and grotesque battlefields. The struggle to find food and his ability to avert the Home Guard seem to be too much to bear. Inman’s will to survive is all due to what is waiting for him back home, a loving Ada and the picturesque scenery of cold mountain. Frazier uses the transformation of Inman from a man filled with rage to a slightly softer person to reveal Inman’s need to return home. Inman’s anger is apparent through his journey, â€Å"The caps though were damp or otherwise faulty, and the pistol snapped on four chambers before he gave up and beat the man about the head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frazier 75). Inman gradually undergoes a self- transformation as familiar rolling hills begin to appear, and his journey home begins to come closer. Page 2 Ada also foregoes a change within herself. Ada transforms from a proper inexperienced lady to a hard working farm girl. With the help of her friend, Ruby Ada starts to learn the ways of the farm. Ada’s transformation is ... Free Essays on Cold Mountain Free Essays on Cold Mountain Page 1 A Journey Transforms Charles Frazier’s story, Cold Mountain, is based in the Civil War Era. Frazier uses the main characters, Ada and Inman to represent the hardships of the Civil War. Inman and Ada both overcome obstacles such as, a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for a each other. Inman is a confederate soldier who decided to desert the war feeling that he has no place in the war. His journey will lead him to his one true love Ada Monroe, the daughter of a preacher who will have to overcome hardships of her own. Ada will face similar hardships of Inman such as hunger, fear, and need for each other. This story uses the triumph of love to overcome a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for each other. Inman finds himself on a journey â€Å"filled with extreme dangers and hardship, brutal encounters, and colorful characters† (Clerc 2). Inman’s injury weakens him physically but strengthens his animosity towards the flat lands and grotesque battlefields. The struggle to find food and his ability to avert the Home Guard seem to be too much to bear. Inman’s will to survive is all due to what is waiting for him back home, a loving Ada and the picturesque scenery of cold mountain. Frazier uses the transformation of Inman from a man filled with rage to a slightly softer person to reveal Inman’s need to return home. Inman’s anger is apparent through his journey, â€Å"The caps though were damp or otherwise faulty, and the pistol snapped on four chambers before he gave up and beat the man about the head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frazier 75). Inman gradually undergoes a self- transformation as familiar rolling hills begin to appear, and his journey home begins to come closer. Page 2 Ada also foregoes a change within herself. Ada transforms from a proper inexperienced lady to a hard working farm girl. With the help of her friend, Ruby Ada starts to learn the ways of the farm. Ada’s transformation is ...

God Brings The World To An End Religion Essay Example

God Brings The World To An End Religion Essay Example God Brings The World To An End Religion Essay God Brings The World To An End Religion Essay In this paper, I will discourse the Biblical promise of how God brings to an terminal a universe shooting through with wickedness, evil, enduring and decease, and brings about a new creative activity. What are the traditional positions? What about the Resurrection of the dead and the last judgement? What does eschatology purpose at? In the history of Christian divinity, eschatology has been considered as the philosophy of the last things.[ 1 ]It, instead than covering merely with the last things, can be seen more loosely in the Bible as concerned with of import alterations in the class of history through God s action.[ 2 ]The term eschatology did non come into widespread usage for a subdivision of theological survey until the 19th century, even though a concern for the ultimate hereafter appears to hold characterized Christian thought from the beginning.[ 3 ] The Grecian term Ta eschata ( the last things ) or Judgment Day has the fundamental significance of something that is last in a sequence in contrast to what is held to first. The Judgment Day is turned into the telos of all tele-rest, flawlessness, one flock and one shepherd, one state of world, one full of royal freedom of moral adult male, a new Eden and a new Earth, return of the whole creative activity to God. : In Augustine s apprehension of eschatology, the end can intend either the ceasing to be of what was, or the perfecting of what was begun. In this manner, ageless life is to be seen as the province in which our love of God, begun in this life, is eventually brought to its completion and consummation, through brotherhood the object of that love. [ 4 ]Augustine offered Christians hope, as work forces contemplate the iniquitous nature of their lives, and inquire how this is to be reconciled with the Gospel jussive mood to be holy, like God. Harmonizing to Jurgen Moltmann, From foremost to last, and non simply in the epilogue, Christianity is eschatologyaˆÂ ¦The eschatological is non one component of Christianity, but it is the medium of Christian religion as such, the key in which everything is set, the freshness that suffuses everything here in the morning of an expected new twenty-four hours. [ 5 ]The Christian eschatological outlook is founded on the promise of God. The word which reveals God has basically the character of promise and is eschatological in sort. The eschatological end for the universe is non lone Restoration or salvation of the universe marred by immorality, but besides fulfillment and completion of the universe. In other words, it is the hope aroused and sustained by the promises of God who created the universe and who promises the salvation of adult male and completion of his creative activity. It brings us to God who desires that all creative activity portion in the community of his presence and thereby to take part in the ageless glorification of the one God who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. More significantly, the philosophy of eschatology directs our attending to the glorious ageless world of the new Eden and new Earth.[ 6 ]The new creative activity entirely wholly fulfills the promises God gave to his ancient people. Therefore, the philosophy of eschatology reveals the significance of that religion for the hereafter of the universe and a hopeful strong belief about the terminal of the universe and its people is demanded by belief in creative activity s go oning position as loved by God, redeemed by Christ and brought to fulfillment by the Spirit. Therefore, the purpose of the philosophy of last things entails more than puting forth the chronology of the consummation. In offending the aboriginal Godhead bid, Adam and Eve denied God s ultimate sovereignty and thereby introduced hostility and disaffection into creaturely being. In the face of human alienation, God seeks rapprochement. Harmonizing to the Bible, the focal point of God s action is Christ. While Christian eschatology should non handle the Old Testament promises of God as superseded and irrelevant, it must besides acknowledge that all the promises of God have been ratified in Jesus Christ ( 2 Corinthians 1:19-20 ) . His ministry, decease, and Resurrection constitute God s unequivocal promise for the eschatological hereafter of all things. The cross of Christ redeems both wickedness and agony. In the cross of Christ non merely is salvation accomplished through agony, but besides human enduring itself has been redeemed. In conveying about the salvation through agony, Christ has besides raised human agony to the degree of salvation. In his salvific work, Christ work stoppages at the really roots of immorality, which are sin and decease, liberating humanity from the loss of ageless life and, with it, our agony in its cardinal and unequivocal significance. The mission of the only-begotten Son consists in suppressing wickedness and decease. He conquers wickedness by His obeisance to decease and He overcomes decease by His Resurrection. Because of the redemptional efficaciousness of Christ s salvific work in striking evil right at its roots, immorality and unequivocal eschatological agony is wholly vanquished. For God so loved the universe that He gave His lone begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should non die but have ageless life ( John 3:16 ) . Harmonizing to Mark, Christ aimed his message at raising the proper response from his listeners in the visible radiation of God s eschatological action: The land of God is close. Repent and believe the good intelligence! ( Mark 1:15 ) . In this, we can cognize that the end of modern-day eschatology is to publish a biddings to people today in the visible radiation of future. The historic event of the crucifying and elevation of Jesus by YHWH, the God of promise who creates being of nil, becomes general through the cosmopolitan eschatological skyline it anticipates. Because God has the power to accelerate the dead and name into being things that are non, therefore the fulfilment of his promise is possible, and because God has raised Christ from the dead, hence the fulfilment of his promise is certain. For Christians, I argue that they can be understood as an eschatological event and their ain Resurrection at the hereafter coming ( Greek Second Coming ) of Jesus at the terminal of the history of this universe.[ 7 ]Paul looks frontward to the 2nd approach of Jesus Christ in judgement at the terminal of clip, corroborating the new life of trusters and their victory over wickedness and decease.[ 8 ]In Paul s position, there is an intimate connexion between the concluding approach of Jesus Christ and the executing of concluding judgement. In making so, Christian confession affirms the coming of Jesus Christ as a judgement of all the life and the dead. His judgement is non to reprobate but to salvage the universe harmonizing to the Gospel of John: This is the judgement, that the visible radiation has come into the universe, and people loved darkness instead than visible radiation because their workss were evil ( 3:19 ) . As such, it embodies a many-sided Godhead biddings to us in the present. In decision, the cardinal motive of eschatology is the averment that the triune God is at work in history set uping the consummation of the Godhead reign by set uping community. In the visible radiation of God s hereafter, eschatology sets forth the universe position model for the church s mission in the modern-day. Eschatology is God s call in the present in the visible radiation of his hereafter. Furthermore, the God who has reconciled us to himself through Christ will one twenty-four hours convey us into full engagement in the expansive eschatological community of his Godhead reign.

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China Essay

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China - Essay Example oming in of foreign investment can only be remarked as being positive, in the right direction and one that is aimed at the betterment of the common Chinese populace. The environment of foreign investment is such that even the US investors have started putting their money in the reserves of the Chinese threshold. [Robinson, 1987] They have understood that the future is with China and hence it gives all the more reason for them to put their money where the coming times are favored more. Being an Asian giant, it draws a lot of foreign investment from its Asian neighbors as well as that from Japan, which similarly has rose a lot in the economic sectors since it was bombarded in the Second World War in 1945. Apart from that, joint ventures are the name of the game with Chinese neighbors like India, Pakistan and Russian States investing heavily in fields like ammunition, artillery, roads, heavy transport bridges and so on and so forth. [Li, 2003] Add to that, technology remains one of the main factors for which the foreign investors turn towards the Chinese markets and as is expected and predicted, in the years to come, more and more people would turn towards them as the future looks bright. There are as such very little or negligible restrictions or clauses in the wake of investing in the Chinese markets and thus it gives all the more reason for the foreign players to call China their second home, especially when investments are concerned. China has attracted foreign investment of late by sending its troupes of investors and high profile businessmen who give presentations and tell the people of the country they are visiting about the benefits that they could draw from investing within China. [Beltz, 1995] More than that, it is a plus point that the people from different countries visit China themselves to give in their money. This could only be termed a positive sign and one on which Chinese government is proud of. [Kapuria-Foreman, 2003] With regards to the WTO pact

Characteristics of Leaders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Characteristics of Leaders - Research Paper Example The main characteristics of leadership such as self-confidence, good communication, humility, interpersonal influence, trustworthiness, forerunner, sense of humor, dynamism, authenticity, readiness to be held responsible and ability to maintain cordial relations with the people are presented in detail in this paper. The world has witnessed several great leaders. Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela are some of the examples. The qualities they treasured in their life are also briefly discussed in this paper. The last part of this paper discusses the difference between the leaders and managers. The leaders are very innovative and creative while the manager works mechanically. The term leadership is familiar to all the groups, family, society, organizations, companies etc. There are several definitions for leadership. A single definition of leadership does not give a comprehensive view of this quality of a human being. So we have to take a set of definitions of leadership to have an understanding about it. Leadership could be defined in the following ways. First figuring out what is right, then explaining it to the people, as opposed to first having people explain to you what is right, and then just saying what they want to hear.† (DuBrain, 2009, p.3). From the given definitions of leadership we can assume some leadership qualities and characteristics that are required for a leader. The first definition gives interpersonal influence and communication as the two main characteristics of leadership. These are the most important two qualities required for a leadership. Interpersonal influence means the ability of a leader to conquer the heart of their followers. The leader should be friendly among his people their by maintaining his commanding power. Instead, he has to develop the skill of influencing people to get in tune with the objectives of the group or the

The Poet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Poet by Ralph Waldo Emerson - Essay Example In his work, Emerson regards the functions of the poet and the nature as a superior calling. In The Poet, Emerson tries to establish a relationship between idea situation that people try to aspire and the real, which happens to be the pivotal point of the discussion (Schenk 45). In his essay â€Å"The Poet†, Ralph Waldo Emerson sets forth several ideas about poetry and the qualities of a true poet. This paper will choose one of those ideas and give a focused and detailed exploration of how Walden embodies or manifests the work of Emerson by giving specific textual evidence. Additionally, this paper will also introduce some discussion of concept of Emerson by focusing on the other text. Emerson considers the Midwinter Day as an extended interest of nature, dailies, as well as contingency of a broader parcel that is relative to performance art and conceptual art. As Walden discusses nature, he manifests the idea of self-reliance, which is also a topic, accorded much of attention by Emerson in â€Å"The Poet†. It is through these authors’ intimate relationship with nature they develop their own specific identities and philosophies regarding how to live right in this natural world (66). With reference to Emerson, nature has all the knowledge that a man needs to understand or know everything. However, this can only happen if man is attentive and most of all willing enough to study and apply nature’s messages into real life. There is manifestation of work of Emerson in almost every part of Walden description of the idea of nature. The same ways Emerson recognizes that man must live in his own already created world, Walden advises that humans must keep the vitality of solitude with perfect sweetness where man can only find this within nature even when in the innermost epicenter of a crowd. However, in this particular angle of nature’s description, Walden takes a rather an extreme or radical stance (95). Walden advocates for a manâ₠¬â„¢s radical return to nature and a subsequent disconnection from many human’s creations including the madness brought upon by the modern world. In Walden, Thoreau brings up this specific stance with the view of setting out a methodology of understanding not only oneself but also the society. In this sense, he sets forth that, the world is natural therefore not a man’s construction. This means that the world is not a subject or taint of humans’ misguided ideas just as Emerson depicts the nature of humans’ institution. Like the human soul by itself, Emerson portrays physical world as untamed and wild. Walden embodies this explanation regarding nature and self-reliance when he puts across that in the natural world or nature itself, people find rules by which they live and by which they extort others. As a result, Walden points out those men’s institution posses no appeal for him because such is their status and do not fit or robust with the natural world. In addition, he does not acknowledge these institutions as authoritative just as he says, â€Å"there exists no law that is sacred to me unlike that is of his own nature†. The world that humans live is natural and untamed (71). Nevertheless, within humans, some level of order exists and is equal to that of nature. This is only observable if man takes adequate time to study, research, conform, and understand his individual system. For the longest time ever,

Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Structural analysis - Essay Example This usually depends on wavelength of the radiation. The beams that enter the lens form an image by overlapping on each diffraction pattern. As per the below diagram, Rayleigh found out that distinction between two points would be possible if maximum of the first diffraction pattern matched with the minimum or the beginning of the second diffraction pattern. Therefore the distance d1 indicated is inversely proportional to diameter of the lens opening. In brief the gap r1 is dependent on wavelength ?, refractive index of the medium  µ and the angle formed by the beam ?. r1=d1/2=0.61 ?/ ( µ sin?). Therefore a high resolution or a lower value of r1 can be obtained by a shorter wavelength, a higher refractive index of the traversing medium and a smaller distance to the specimen causing a larger value of ( µsin?). When ordinary light-optical microscopes are used in air with refractive index=1, wavelengths of light being 400-700nm the maximum resolution that can be achieved is up to 200nm. Hence a magnification ratio above 1000 would be difficult to achieve. It is in these areas where a high amount of magnification is required that Electron microscopes prove the most beneficial. The Scanning Electron Microscope De Broglie’s relation describes the basic working principle of an electron microscope. The equation derived is ?= [1.5/ (V+ 10-6 V2)] 1/2 nm. Hence the wavelength can be adjusted by controlling the voltage of the electron beam. Electrons tend to get highly scattered in air and therefore a vacuum atmosphere needs to be maintained. Specimens also need to be made electrically conductive to avoid getting overcharged with electrons during testing. The diagram shows the main components of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These function in close cohesion in the running of seven prominent systems which are notably 1. Vacuum system- To prevent the scattering of electron beams a vacuum atmosphere is maintained to prevent dispersion. To achieve this two classes of pump are used. A low vacuum pump brings down the air pressure from atmosphere to 10-3 Torr and a high vacuum pump bring it further down from 10-3 Torr to 10-6 Torr. 2. Electron beam Generation system- This system produces the ‘illuminating’ or the primary electron beam for impingement on the sample. An electron gun generates the beam in a SEM. It is composed of a filament made of tungsten wire, Cerium Hexaboride or Lanthanum Hexaboride. A grid cap that directs the flow of electrons and a positively charged anode that accelerates the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. 3. Electron beam manipulation system- a system of lenses and coils control the shape, size and position of the electron beam to be directed on the sample surface. Electrostatic and magnetic fields control electron motion Electrostatic fields are found in the electron gun while magnetic field is present in the rest of the SEM. By passing electric current through a copper wire a magnetic field is made to form an electron microscope lens. A series of these lenses also known as condenser lens removes any kind of spherical aberration or astigmatism in the image. When the beam traverses the final condenser lens two sets of magnetic scanning coils move the beam thereby scanning in the X and Y direction in a raster pattern i.e the specimen is scanned from the upper left hand corner to the right corner after which it drops

Discuss the main procedural differences between criminal and civil Essay

Discuss the main procedural differences between criminal and civil trials - Essay Example Each municipalities, federal government and state have their own criminal codes defining types of conduct that constitute crimes. In Scotland, law is divided into two main categories, that is, civil law and criminal law. Civil law speaks about the rights and obligations of organisations and individuals. It is a principle that was adopted from Roman law. Civil Law aims to sort out problems and arguments between individuals and other organisations. Criminal Law is the primary means by which the government discovers and criminalizes behaviour that is regarded wrong and damaging to a person s or society as a whole. Criminal law system is the mechanism through which action is taken to deal with people suspected of committing offences. Scots civil procedure governs the rules of civil procedure in Scotland. Furthermore, it deals with the Scottish civil courts jurisdiction as follows Sheriff Courts and Court of Session. Moreover, civil procedure is generally regulated by Acts of Sederunt whi ch are statutes which are passed by the court session (Susan MacKessack). It can also be regulated by the primary legist ration enacted such as Civil Evidence (Scotland) Act 1988 which removed requirements for corroborating evidence. The Human right Act 1998, enacted civil procedure has increasingly been shaped by case law from the European court of Human Rights. The procedures involved in Criminal and Civil are different in many ways. In Criminal trials prosecutions of nearly all cases is started by the state while civil trials on the other hand, are started by an individual, organization or companies for their own benefits. In other words criminal trials are filed by the government while as civil trials are filed by private parties. The trials of Criminal and Civil are normally held in different courts, and in civil trials juries are not so often used. Another distinction is that in the Criminal trials courts may force the guilty party to pay a fine as punishment for their crime a nd also the legal costs of the both lawyers. On the other hand, in civil trials the victim just asks for compensation and not a criminal action is taken (June Fraser). In a civil proceeding the defendant can be found not liable or liable and the judge decides on the case while in a criminal trial the defendant is sentenced if he is guilty or acquitted if not guilty by the jury this is because arguments among people can be resolved and damage mended compared to crimes in criminals cases such as murder or man slaughter which are severe and leave damages that are irreversible. Furthermore, in civil trail procedure accuser must produce evidence beyond the proportion of probabilities while in a criminal trial the evidence produced must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. Moreover, in civil trials burden of proof is on the claimant, otherwise, the charge may turn to the defendant in situations that the things speak for it. In the criminal trial the accused is considered innocent until prov en guilty by the prosecutor. Compensation in term of money for injuries, an injunction or damages is usually instilled on a party found to be on the wrong in a civil trial while in criminal trials a guilty party

The Scientific Method in Everyday Life Assignment

The Scientific Method in Everyday Life - Assignment Example According to Healthy Living magazine, one of the most effective treatments of breast cancer is through the breast removal surgery that was conducted on once Kathy Bates (Huffington, 2012). Notably, this form of breast cancer treatment is quite essential development in the breast cancer treatment. The breast removal surgery involves double mastectomy without irradiation on the cancer cells. The breast-removal surgery or the mastectomy can be conducted through two methods including preventive measure and treatment methods. According to the National Institutes of Health, the preventative measures are often conducted to persons with higher risks of developing breast cancer while persons who have been diagnosed with breast cancer are subjected to treatment (Huffington, 2012). There are numerous types of mastectomy. Application of each of mastectomy depends on the degree of the breast removal. For instance, total mastectomy means the surgical removal of the entire breast tissue including the nipple. Alternatively, radical mastectomy calls for complete breast removal including the lymph nodes and chest muscles (Huffington, 2012). Lumpectomy is an alternative beast-removal cancer treatment; however, this process preserves most parts of the breast since only tumors are removed (Huffington, 2012). These new forms of breast cancer treatments, Double Mastectomy and Lumpectomy, are quite a development in Breast Cancer since the body is not subjected to radiation that often kills healthy

Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Structural analysis - Essay Example This usually depends on wavelength of the radiation. The beams that enter the lens form an image by overlapping on each diffraction pattern. As per the below diagram, Rayleigh found out that distinction between two points would be possible if maximum of the first diffraction pattern matched with the minimum or the beginning of the second diffraction pattern. Therefore the distance d1 indicated is inversely proportional to diameter of the lens opening. In brief the gap r1 is dependent on wavelength ?, refractive index of the medium  µ and the angle formed by the beam ?. r1=d1/2=0.61 ?/ ( µ sin?). Therefore a high resolution or a lower value of r1 can be obtained by a shorter wavelength, a higher refractive index of the traversing medium and a smaller distance to the specimen causing a larger value of ( µsin?). When ordinary light-optical microscopes are used in air with refractive index=1, wavelengths of light being 400-700nm the maximum resolution that can be achieved is up to 200nm. Hence a magnification ratio above 1000 would be difficult to achieve. It is in these areas where a high amount of magnification is required that Electron microscopes prove the most beneficial. The Scanning Electron Microscope De Broglie’s relation describes the basic working principle of an electron microscope. The equation derived is ?= [1.5/ (V+ 10-6 V2)] 1/2 nm. Hence the wavelength can be adjusted by controlling the voltage of the electron beam. Electrons tend to get highly scattered in air and therefore a vacuum atmosphere needs to be maintained. Specimens also need to be made electrically conductive to avoid getting overcharged with electrons during testing. The diagram shows the main components of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These function in close cohesion in the running of seven prominent systems which are notably 1. Vacuum system- To prevent the scattering of electron beams a vacuum atmosphere is maintained to prevent dispersion. To achieve this two classes of pump are used. A low vacuum pump brings down the air pressure from atmosphere to 10-3 Torr and a high vacuum pump bring it further down from 10-3 Torr to 10-6 Torr. 2. Electron beam Generation system- This system produces the ‘illuminating’ or the primary electron beam for impingement on the sample. An electron gun generates the beam in a SEM. It is composed of a filament made of tungsten wire, Cerium Hexaboride or Lanthanum Hexaboride. A grid cap that directs the flow of electrons and a positively charged anode that accelerates the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. 3. Electron beam manipulation system- a system of lenses and coils control the shape, size and position of the electron beam to be directed on the sample surface. Electrostatic and magnetic fields control electron motion Electrostatic fields are found in the electron gun while magnetic field is present in the rest of the SEM. By passing electric current through a copper wire a magnetic field is made to form an electron microscope lens. A series of these lenses also known as condenser lens removes any kind of spherical aberration or astigmatism in the image. When the beam traverses the final condenser lens two sets of magnetic scanning coils move the beam thereby scanning in the X and Y direction in a raster pattern i.e the specimen is scanned from the upper left hand corner to the right corner after which it drops

The Scientific Method in Everyday Life Assignment

The Scientific Method in Everyday Life - Assignment Example According to Healthy Living magazine, one of the most effective treatments of breast cancer is through the breast removal surgery that was conducted on once Kathy Bates (Huffington, 2012). Notably, this form of breast cancer treatment is quite essential development in the breast cancer treatment. The breast removal surgery involves double mastectomy without irradiation on the cancer cells. The breast-removal surgery or the mastectomy can be conducted through two methods including preventive measure and treatment methods. According to the National Institutes of Health, the preventative measures are often conducted to persons with higher risks of developing breast cancer while persons who have been diagnosed with breast cancer are subjected to treatment (Huffington, 2012). There are numerous types of mastectomy. Application of each of mastectomy depends on the degree of the breast removal. For instance, total mastectomy means the surgical removal of the entire breast tissue including the nipple. Alternatively, radical mastectomy calls for complete breast removal including the lymph nodes and chest muscles (Huffington, 2012). Lumpectomy is an alternative beast-removal cancer treatment; however, this process preserves most parts of the breast since only tumors are removed (Huffington, 2012). These new forms of breast cancer treatments, Double Mastectomy and Lumpectomy, are quite a development in Breast Cancer since the body is not subjected to radiation that often kills healthy

Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essay 2. In Martin Luther King Jrs speech he uses a variety of vivid phrases that paint a picture for the audience. For example: crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination the negro is still languishing in the corners of society and finds himself an exile in his own land let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. These phrases attribute to gaining his audiences attention and emotion. 3. Primary points in his speech: African American individuals are being discriminated against in society, even though the emancipation proclamation granted all slaves citizenship. America will not be tranquil as long as there is segregation. MLK and his followers will only be a part of a peaceful protest. If America is to be a great nation freedom is imperative among all people. 4. It is clear that MLK is very passionate about what he says in his speech. While staying passionate, he understands that he will not win the war against segregation by being bitter and angry. My interpretation is that he is in a way confident that this issue will be resolved, and he knows that this ongoing issue will not be resolved immediately. 5. The audience in this case would be pretty much everybody in the United States at the time as well as us today. MLK probably didnt know that his speech would make such a big impact in our world today, but his speech was aimed toward American society as a whole. 6. Without hesitation I will say that MLK does succeed with his message. Our country today has minimal racial injustice and people can be judged by their character. I think that the reason he has succeeded is attributed to his attitude and poise that he demonstrates during the speech. His message  would not have been accepted if he was to lash out in anger and criticize the white man.

Analysis of South Africas Retail Industry

Analysis of South Africas Retail Industry Executive summary South Africa is a player in the local and international retail industry. Retail like all business operates and is affected by external forces as well as internal forces. The external forces are commonly referred to as macro and micro environmental factors have a direct or an indirect impact on the retail industry. Retailers do not have much control over environmental forces unlike marketing variables. It is therefore crucial that every retail business identifies these forces and monitors them effectively to reduce negative impact on growth and profit margins. Retail is primarily about buying decisions and behaviours. Economics play a large part in influencing both individuals and organisations with regard to their buying decisions and behaviours. South Africa like any global player has as a top priority the aim to grow in terms of economic activity. The effect that the retail sector has on the SA economy and also on international impact of our retail sector on imports and exports are evaluated. The more business is conducted the more tax is available to the government to provide appropriate services and establish its various development programmes. Facts that are critical to success of South Africa retail industry are looked in relation to Market size and scope of growth of the retail industry in South Africa? Growth prospects and issues related to the industry? Size of segment of the organized market what are its growth prospects? Major players in South African retail industry, their strategies for growth, and their position in the market? Emerging trends in the South African retail industry? Opportunities challenges before the retailers in South Africa? Key findings are summarised, presenting the valid information relating to the contribution of the retail industry in the economic growth of the country. In the final stage of the analysis, a conclusion signifying which segment of Retail is most attractive is made, detailing the reasons for such conclusion, from beginning to end showing importance of the factors contributing to its attractiveness. Retail overview Retailing encompasses all activities involved in selling gods or services directly to final consumers for their personal non business use. Although most retailing is done in retail stores, in recent years non-store retailing has been growing much faster than has store retailing. Non-store retailing includes selling to the final consumers through direct mail, catalogs, telephone, the internet, TV home shopping shows, home and office parties, door to door contact, vending machines and other direct selling approaches. (Kotler, 2005) For purposes of this assignment only formal retail will be discussed. There are different type of retailers classified in terms of several characteristics including the amount of service they offer, the breadth and depth of their product lines and the relative prices charged and how they are organised. Major Store Retail types include Speciality Stores, Department Stores, Supermarkets, convenience stores, Discount Stores, Off-Price Retailers and Superstores. (Kotler, 2005 pg368) The sector encompassing wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants is an important contributor to GDP and employment for South Africa. It is evident that the preparations toward hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup have likely influenced a large increase in investment in the sector as hospitality services, for example, gear up for this major event. That said, the sector has been hard hit by the recent global economic slowdown, evident in the contraction in growth of the sector itself, as well as decreases in employment. The latter is of serious concern considering that the sector is South Africas third largest and also employs 22% of the labour force, with a large proportion being women from the informal sector. (Climate Risk Opportunity A15 Retail and Tourism, 2009) Key Players in the South African Retail Market : Pick n Pay; Metcash Ltd; Massmart Holdings Ltd; Woolworths Holdings Ltd; Spar Group Ltd; Edgars Stores Ltd. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the South African economy is expected to have contracted by 1.8% in 2009 in the wake of the sharp downturn in global demand and commodity prices, tougher financing conditions, weak household spending and low business confidence. Growth will bounce back in 2010 to 2.8% spurred by the hosting of the World Cup. However, the struggling sectors, mainly manufacturing and retail, will remain in doldrums. There is a risk that electricity shortages, will re-emerge in 2010-11, constraining energy-intensive sectors, such as mining, as new base-load power station are not expected to come on stream until 2012. (rru.worldbank, 2010) The overall Ease of Doing Business ranking slipped this year mainly due to a 22 spot drop in the Starting a Business Indicator. South Africa still ranks in the top 100 in eight indicators. The lowest ranking is in the Trading Across Borders indicator. (rru.worldbank, 2010) Macro environment analysis According (Neiman and Bannet (2002), p. 32), Macro Environment takes in consideration of all the external influences that restrain a bearing in the business, but is not compact beneath its direct subject of influence. The importance falls on the renovation that unmanageable micro-variables bring about, and their implications for the business, yet enduring alongside, each other of changes in the environment, in charge to be able to forecast the changes in the environment which can turn to be a difficult mission. The universe of sociological elements that affect a companys ability to serve its customers or sell its goods and services. There are six major macro environment forces: cultural, demographic, economic, natural, political, and technological. The cultural environment includes institutions and other forces that affect the basic values, behaviors, and preferences of the society-all of which have an effect on consumer marketing decisions. The demographic environment includes the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation, and other statistical information. The economic environment consists of all factors-such as salary levels, credit trends, and pricing patterns- that affect consumer spending habits and purchasing power. The natural environment involves all the natural resources, such as raw materials or energy sources, needed by or affected by marketers and marketing activities. The political environment includes all laws, government agenc ies, and lobbying groups that influence or restrict individuals or organizations in the society. The technological environment consists of those forces that affect the technology and which can create new products, new markets, and new marketing opportunities. (Dictionary of Marketing Terms) Regulatory and Political Environment: Regulatory and political environment denotes local, state, national, and global laws and regulation which concern businesses. Many business decisions are motivated by the legal and regulatory controls (Solomon, Marshall Stuart. 2006, p. 52). Retail Merchants like other industries are subjected to a number of local and international regulations. Political and legal factors contribute to the environment in which managerial decisions must be made. (Daniels)[1] They are an integral part of the retail operating environment. There are regulations governing the conduct of business in various sectors of the South African Economy. Regulatory bodies and processes the South African Retail Council (SARC (Consumer Goods Council)[2] A unified retail body that will strengthen retailers position and voice in the industry. The objective of SARC is to deal with issues pertaining to retailers interests, the pressing challenges facing the retail industry as a whole including: a fragmented retail representation to key stakeholders; and duplication of efforts and costs. As a collective voice for the industry SARC will shape the environment in which retail business takes place in South Africa. Fundamentally, SARC will focus on two particular areas as impacting on the retail industry: Economic legislative Affairs; and Labour Relations. As a unit within the CGCSA, SARC enjoys the benefit of sharing the existing infrastructure and well established resources currently enjoyed by CGCSA. SARC is mandated to engage in debates and discussions of legislation drafting which will impact on retailers; to give direct input into the South Africas regulatory frameworks. SARCs mandate with regards to labour relations would be to work w ith the government on labour issues especially regarding transformation and equity compliance. Members also have an opportunity to network through seminars, workshops and conferences thus getting an opportunity to learn and build relationships; Information and Resources: regular updates on industry position statements, policy papers or briefings and government submissions. Consumer Goods Council of South Africa[3] The Consumer Goods Council of South Africa is a Section 21 company representing over 11,000 member companies in the retail, wholesale and manufacturing of consumer goods. Its vision is to be a formidable and respected industry voice in South Africa. Its mission is to promote partnership amongst stakeholders across the consumer goods industry in resolving shared non-competitive matters in the most efficient manner to the ultimate benefit of the consumer. (CGCSA) Competition Commission In meeting the objectives to the Competition Acts, the commission is focused on restricting anti-competitive practices, eliminating abuse of dominant positions and strengthening merger control. Three institutions are created in terms of the Act to achieve the above objectives: The Competition Commission, which is independent but whose decisions may be appealed to the Competition Tribunal and the Competition Appeal Court; The Competition Tribunal, which has jurisdiction throughout South Africa and is independent from the competition institutions; and The Competition Appeal Court, which has status similar to that of a High Court and jurisdiction throughout South Africa. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) Sources: Government Communication and Information System, Waksmans Attorneys: Business Guide to South Africa, DTI Office of Consumer Protection[4] The Office of the Consumer Protection (OCP) functions as part of the consumer and Corporate Regulation Division of the Department of Trade and Industry (the dti). The OCP administers the Consumer Affairs (Unfair Business Practises) Act 71 of 1988. The office also enforces other legislation administered by the dti that contains consumer protection provisions. The Office of Consumer Protection is committed to protecting consumers against unfair business practices through complaints resolution, investigations, prosecutions, education and voluntary compliance programmes. It does this by: Promoting the spirit of fair trade between consumers and service providers; Educating consumers about their rights and duties; Providing quick and fast resolution of complaints through negotiated settlements; Investigating and resolving matters relating to unfair business practices; Prosecuting Offenders ITAC ITAC was established through an Act of Parliament, the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002, which came into force on 1 June 2003. The aim of ITAC, as stated in the Act, is to foster economic growth and development in order to raise incomes and promote investment and employment in South Africa and within the Common Customs Union Area by establishing an efficient and effective system for the administration of international trade subject to this Act and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Agreement. The core functions are: customs tariff investigations; trade remedies; and import and export control. Legal Environment In the context of Macro Environment analysis a legal system is the mechanism for creating, interpreting and enforcing the laws in a specified jurisdiction. The South African Retail environment is a regulated one exhibiting elements of constitutional law, criminal, civil and commercial laws. According to (International Business Environments and Operations 12th Edition, Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan; Pg 158) The constitution of a country is designed to guarantee an open and just political order, the criminal law is designed to safeguard the social order, the civil and commercial laws ensure fairness and efficiency of business transactions. Aspects of all three components bear on the decisions made by managers and investors. This accurately describes the legal environment in which the South African Retail market operates. The legislation applicable in the country is a method used by the government to regulate retail business practices, defining acceptable practices for conducting business transactions, to specific the rights and obligations of parties engaged in the business transactions and to afford legal redress when needed.(Int. bus Environ Operations) The South African legal climate is that of a democratic mixed legal system, engaging, common law, civil laws codified in various legislation, regulations and customary law. South Africa offers a balanced legal and political system safeguarding the interest of consumers as well as corporations, small medium enterprises. The political climate as well as the social environment is stable. The legal environment is derived partly from the political climate in a country and has three distinct dimensions to it: The domestic laws of home country; the domestic laws of foreign markets; International law in general. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Domestic laws govern marketing within a country, e.g. the physical attributes of a product will be influenced by laws (designed to protect consumers) relating to the purity, safety or performance of the product. Domestic laws might also constrain marketers in the areas of product packaging, marking and labeling, and contracts with agents. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) South Africas commercial legal system has been influenced by English law. English courts create and follow precedents just as South African courts do. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Central to all commercial activities is the contract. The purpose of a contract is to specify the respective rights and obligations of the parties to an agreement and outline specific procedures or actions that must take place. Buyers and sellers are at times also subject to international law, which may be defined as that body of rules which regulates relationships between countries or other international legal persons. There is neither an international parliament empowered to create international law; nor an international police force to enforce it. The principal sources of international law are treaties and conventions. Other sources of international law are custom (i.e. international practice that is accepted as law) and the general principles of law recognised by civilized nations or natural law (the basis of human co-existence). The Incoterms (2000), as published by the International Chamber of Commerce, are not, strictly speaking, part of international law. Another area in which international law plays an important role is in controlling the use of the sea and the environment outside the territorial waters of countries. The control of international air travel by organisations such as IATA (International Airline Transport Association), or structures such as The Hague-Visby Rules in relation to ocean freight, may also be regarded as part of international law. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Legislation affecting the Retail Market in South Africa:- Labour Laws in South Africa (Department of Labour South Africa)[5] (Employing Workers) Workers in the retail sector are protected by a plethora of legislation (listed below). Notably the protection afforded by legislation and regulations deals with: wages,, hours of work, leave, prohibition of child labor and termination of employment. Amended Labour Relations Act; Basic Conditions of Employment (Amendment) Act, 2002 ; Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997; Basic Conditions of Employment Act Labour Relations Act ; Labour Relations amendment Act 2002; Employment Equity ; Employment Equity Act ; Skills Development Act ; Unemployment Insurance Fund; Rules for the conduct of proceedings before the CCMA; Skills Development Act; Sectoral Determination: 9: Wholesale and retail sector; No. 85 of 1993: Occupational Health and Safety Act as amended by Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act, No. 181 Of 1993 Labour Regulations There is a plethora of regulations impacting the SA Retail labor and some of these are:-Driven machinery, Electrical Machinery, Construction ,Asbestos ,Lift escalator and passenger conveyer, Electrical Installation, Environmental regulation for workplaces, Facilities, Certificate of competency. South African Paint Manufacturers Association: Guide to Health Safety in the workplace Employment Equity: Code of good practice: Employment Equity, EEA 2: Employment Equity report, EEA 4: Income differential statement, EEA 10: Occupational categories, Technical Assistance Guidelines on the employment of people with disabilities) Land and Building Laws (Dealing with Licenses, Registering Property) Construction Industry Development Board Act, 2000; National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act (Act 103 of 1977); Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act Tax Laws (Paying Taxes) Taxation Laws Amendment Act, 1999; Taxation Laws Amendment Act, 2004; Value-Added Tax Act, 1991 See discussion on Tax below. Constitution of South Africa Commercial and Company Laws (Starting a Business, Protecting Investors, Closing a Business) Companies Amendment Act, 2004; Companies Act, 1973; Competition Act, 1998 Civil Procedure Codes (Enforcing Contracts, Closing a Business, Protecting Investors) Magistrates Courts Rules of Court Banking and Credit Laws (Getting Credit, Protecting Investors) Banks Act, 1990; Insolvency Act Unfair Business Practices Act no 71 of 1988 EXCHANGE CONTROLS (SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK) Financial Regulations (Financial Services Board) Consumer Protection Act no 68 of 2008 (Data to follow) Consumer Affairs (Unfair Business Practises) Act 71 of 1988 The act deals with unfair business practise which is defined as any businesses practice which directly or indirectly has, or is likely to have, the effect of harming relations between business and consumers, unreasonably prejudicing any consumer, deceiving any consumer or unfairly affecting any consumer. Competition Amendment Bill, 2008[6] In 2006 DT reviewed the current competition regulatory framework. The review of the existing competition law regime was informed by a need to respond to the industrial policy objectives such as promotion of competitiveness; Observations on the challenges of the competition authorities in dealing with uncompetitive outcomes resulting in artificially high prices to the detriment of consumers; e.g. competition problems resulting from complex monopolies or multi-firm conduct; To strengthen efforts on cartel enforcement by introducing personal liability on directors who cause their firms to engage in cartel activities. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) To address these, the dti proposes to introduce Competition Amendment Bill, 2008 (Bill). The Bill is not intended to overhaul the current competition regime but is focused on key areas aimed at Strengthening the existing provisions of the Competition Act; Providing the competition authorities with extra powers to deal robustly with uncompetitive practices; and Enabling the Competition Commission to play a more proactive role in investigating markets and take measures to ensure market transparency. Competition Commission Act[7] 1998 (Werksmans Publications) The Competition Act affects every business operating in South Africa, and the serious consequences of contravention necessitate a sound understanding of its basic principles. An overarching law, the Competition Act, prohibits anti-competitive behavior such as price-fixing and collusion between competitors, and the abuse of dominance. The Act also provides for a merger control regime in terms of which the prior approval of the competition authorities must be obtained for certain mergers and acquisitions. South African competition law differs from foreign models in that the focus is not purely on competition issues, but also on certain public interest and social goals such as the promotion of small businesses, the interests of employees and black economic empowerment. South Africa has a well-developed and regulated competition regime based on best international practice. South Africas economic system is predominantly based on free market principles. However, as in most developed economies, competition is controlled. The Act fundamentally reformed the countrys competition legislation, substantially strengthening the powers of the competition authorities along the lines of the European Union, US and Canadian models. The Act provides for various prohibitions on anti-competitive conduct, restrictive practices (such as price fixing, predatory pricing and collusive tendering) and abuses by dominant firms (firms with a market share of 35% or more). South African authorities embarked on a major overhaul of competition policy, which led to the formulation of a new policy, the Competition Act, No. 89 of 1998, which seeks to achieve the following objectives: To promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy; To provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices; To promote employment and advance the social and economic welfare of South Africans; To expand opportunities for South African participation in world markets and recognise the role of foreign competition in the Republic; To ensure that small and medium-sized enterprises have an equitable opportunity to participate in the economy; and To promote a greater spread of ownership, in particular to increase the ownership stakes of historically disadvantaged persons (HDIs). Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act No 53 of 2003[8] Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) is a specific government policy to advance economic transformation and enhance the economic participation of black people in the South African economy. The Department of Trade and Industrys (the dtis) growth strategy includes a focus on broadening participation, equity and access to redress for all economic citizens, particularly those previously marginalised. The Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) Act, No. 53 of 2003, facilitates the dtis work in this area by establishing a legislative framework for the promotion of BEE; empowering the Minister to issue Codes of Good Practice and publishing Transformation Charters; establishing the BEE Advisory Council; and making provision for matters connected therewith. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002, The object of the Act is to foster economic growth and development in order to raise incomes and promote investment and employment in the Republic and within the Common Customs Area by establishing an efficient and effective system for the administration of international trade subject to this Act and the SACU agreement. (Department of Trade and Industry South Africa) Intellectual Property Rights[9] South Africa has a developed system of intellectual property law covering patents, industrial designs, copyright and trademarks. It is also a signatory to most of the international conventions in this field. Environmental Regulation In terms of Section 24 of the Constitution and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) is to take care that a sound balance is maintained between environmental and socio-economic aspects in all policies, plans, programmes and decisions, including the encouragement of investment, granting of incentives and all other interventions. the dti encourages existing industries to implement Cleaner Production (CP) as an internationally adopted tool that incurs savings, increases competitiveness and elevates companies to higher levels of resource and energy efficiency. the dti at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development established the National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC), which implements CP in priority sectors, focusing on textiles, agro-processing and chemicals. NCPC sector projects are conducted in terms of Trade and Investment South Africa (TISA) Customised Sector Programmes (CSP). POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) The political environment has an impact on the attractiveness of economic prospects of a particular country or region, also a companys international activities. The decision on whether or on to transact will be influenced by various factors including financial penalties on a company or if unanticipated events in the political arena lead to the loss of income-generating assets. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) The greater the level of involvement in a foreign markets, the greater the need to monitor the political climate of the countries business is conducted. Changes in government often result in changes in policy and attitudes towards foreign business. Bearing in mind that a foreign company operates in a host country at the discretion of the government concerned, the government can either encourage foreign activities by offering attractive opportunities for investment and trade, or discourage its activities by imposing restrictions such as import quotas, etc. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za).Companies should therefore continually adjust their policies accordingly. Nearly all governments today play active roles in their countries economies. Although evident to a greater or lesser extent in most countries, government ownership of economic activities is still prevalent in the former centrally planned economies, as well as in certain developing countries which lack a sufficiently well developed private sector to support a free market system. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Reflected in a governments attitudes and policies towards business are its ideas about how best to promote national interest in the light of the countrys economic and political resources and objectives. Foreign products and investment seen to be vital to the growth and development of the economy often receive favourable treatment from the government in the form of reduced tax, exemption from quotas, etc. On the other hand, products considered by a government to be non-essential, undesirable, or a threat to local industry are frequently subjected to a variety of import restrictions such as quotas and tariffs. It is also important to be aware of the nature of the relationship between South Africa and the foreign target market. This was a major consideration during South Africas political isolation. Fortunately, South Africas international relations have normalised and today South Africa is viewed very favourably, from a political perspective, by the rest of the world. The political environment is connected to the international business environment through the concept of political risk. Political risk is determined differently for different companies, as not all of them will be equally affected by political changes. Political risk is of a macro nature when politically inspired environmental changes affect all foreign investment. It is of a micro nature when the environmental changes are intended to affect only selected fields of business activity or foreign firms with specific characteristics, (possibly by expropriation). When business is conducted in developing countries, the risks of greatest concern are civil disorder, war and expropriation. When business is conducted in industrialised countries, labour disruptions and price controls are generally seen to pose the greatest threats to a companys profitability. (http://www.exporthelp.co.za) Government Policies As in any other industry, the retail trader has to follow and honour laws and regulations of the host country and central regulations. At some level of the state, the retailer has to pay licence fees, and comply with community health and fire, safety standards, as well as zoning and building codes. At the point of the government and central controls can have a variety from pricing to employee hiring to the insurance of credit (Stewart Abbott. 1993, P. 115). South Africa operates an open market economy often retailers have challenges with compliance with the technical standards, regulatory and conformity assessment regimes are substantial, even when they are transparent. (Koch)(Technical Barriers to trade Barriers Faced by South African SMMES Michael A Peet Steven F Koch) Government regulation comes in many forms, such as tax regulation, labour regulation and regulations concerning the import and export of goods. These regulations have both costs and benefits, which government must balance. Regulation is a broad area that impacts on companies in many different ways. A study conducted and using data gathered from a number of South African Company surveys to investigate how government regulations impact on firms showed the following findings:- Funding, grants and initiatives Sources of funding for Companies or individuals doing business in South Africa are mainly from Commercial Banks. Funding from Bank Loans affords tax efficient benefits where the funds are used for the purpose of trade and in the production of income. The interest paid on the loan is tax deductible, subject to the transfer pricing and thin capitalization provisions. (DTI, 2009) Local borrowing virtually includes all forms of borrowing and financing facilities, e.g. bank loans, overdrafts, facilities and finance leases, credit extended to local suppliers of goods and services, borrowing limits are set on pre-set formula. Types of loans (DTI, 2009) include:- Mortgage Loans: each commercial bank applies its own policies; Unsecured loans: to finance working capital through overdrafts, depending on good standing of the company. Alternatively the banks can require security in the form of personal guarantees by the directors, physical security such as bond over unbounded property, or a cession of the book debts of the company. Discounting and factoring: discounting of e.g. foreign bills, trade bills, bankers acceptances or promissory notes. Corporate Finance: for medium sized companies, tailor made solutions for larger or more complex needs.; Export Finance and Guarantees State Assistance: The state owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) finances the private sector to facilitate commercially sustainable industrial development and innovation to the benefit of South Africa and Southern Africa. Finance is in the form of equity, quasi equity and medium tern loan finance. Interest rates are competitive and risk related and based on the prime bank overdraft rate. T